See artificial life.

The use of methods and tools from physics, such as those used statistical physics, critical phenomena, nonlinear dynamics, and stochastic processes, to approach problems in economics.

A repeller is one of the three types of limit points in the phase space of a dynamical system, with the other two being attractors and saddle points. Repellers have the effect of directing the traject [..]

A signal or process in which the relationship between energy and frequency is an inverted power law relationship: energy is proportional to 1/frequency. Also called 'pink noise'. 1/f n [..]

See agent-based model.

In a biological context, an adaptation is a phenotypic trait that increases an individual's or group's fitness in a particular environment. The process of adaptation occurs via modific [..]

Often used in 'adaptive systems', the term 'adaptive' refers to interacting entities that individually or together are able to respond to environmental changes or chang [..]

A natural or artificial system which takes on new states and configurations in response to its environment, generally improving on some explicit or implicit measure of utility.

A term used to describe a trajectory of changes undergone by a system to better operate in a given environment. In the context of a fitness landscape, each change can be seen as a step that either imp [..]

Roughly, for two sets of elements X and Y, if f is an affine transformation that takes elements of X to elements of Y, then f looks like y =  f(x) = m x + b.