A force acting in a generally horizontal direction, such as wind, earthquake, or soil pressure against a foundation wall.

The addition of water and remixing of concrete which has started to stiffen. This is usually not allowed as it may affect the ultimate strength.

The process by which water is absorbed. The amount of water absorbed under specific conditions, usually expressed as percentage of the dry weight of the material.

In a pre-stressed concrete member, refers to all reinforcing steel other than the pre-stressing steel. See pre-stressed concrete

A degree of stiffening of the cement and water mixture. This is a degree less than final set and is generally stated as an empirical value, indicating the time in hours and minutes required for a ceme [..]

In pre-stressed concrete, the stresses occurring in the pre-stressed members before any losses occur. See pre-stressed concrete

The device used to stress the tendons

A grate tamper used to cause sand and cement grout to rise to the surface of wet concrete during placement of slabs. May be motorized or hand operated. See tamper

Position where two or more building materials, components or assemblies are put together, fixed or united, with or without the use of extra jointing products. The location between the touching surface [..]

See cream