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general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong, good or evil, desirable or undesirable.

the global outreach of practices that are culturally specific or when social movements representing particular positions (such as religious fundamentalists) claim that their position reflects universal truths.

anything that represents something else. It can be either a material object (a flag, a cross) or a non-material element (a sound, a gesture).

the material application of knowledge, scientific or other.

groups that have their own values, norms and symbols but largely blend into mainstream society.

social reactions to either conformity (positive sanctions) or violation (negative sanctions) of the norms. Sanctions can also be informal – administered by any individual in any setting – or formal – specified by some social procedure and administered by specific public officials.

unlearned automatic responses to physical stimuli such pulling one’s hand away from a flame, throwing one’s arms when thrown off balance or sneezing.