a European fresh-water fish of the carp family. Turnsole

a group of plants whose roots give off a red dye; used primarily as a coloring agent, but according to some early herbalists, "it helps old ulcers, hot inflammations, and burnings by common f [..]

the herb was used in salads and the root to impart a clovelike flavor to ale. Avens was considered "the blessed herb" and according to the Ortus Sanitatus (Garden of Health), printed [..]

a variety of white apple. According to Boorde, apples "doth comforte the stomacke, and doth make good dygestyon, specyally yf they be rostyd or baken." Borage

a European fresh-water fish related to the carp; any of various salt-water fishes, as the sea bream. Bullace

exact meaning unknown; possibly refers to the fresh salmon sliced and prepared in a special way, perhaps pickled. Chamomile

a type of small onion no longer cultivated. Chickweed

honey whose impurities have been forced to the top by boiling and removed by skimming. Many medieval recipes recommend clarifying honey by combining it with wine. As the wine fermented, a scum formed [..]

a young or small cod, perhaps salted; Furnivall notes that "ling" may be a corruption of "lying" in salt. Coffin

the sugar paste in which whole spices were dipped; confectioned spices were used as garnishes and eaten at the end of feasts, to aid digestion. Cubeb