, or Directed mutation The phenomenon whereby bacteria and yeast cells in stationary (non-growing) phase, have some way of producing (or selectively retaining) only the most appropriate mutations that [..]

A particular variant of a gene.

A substance that causes the body to react hypersensitively to it.

Genes coding for antibiotic resistance used in genetic modification. They allow the cells that have taken up the foreign GM construct to be selected with antibiotics, and frequently remain in the gene [..]

A chromosome other than the sex-chromosome, or sex-deter-mining chromosome.

Any virus that infect bacteria, also known as phage.

A layer of extracellular matrix containing quiescent, non-proliferating micro-organisms.

A supposedly genetically uniform population of cells derived from one individual cell. The genetic identity of all the cells is a fiction, as the genetic material is subject to many ‘fluid genome’ pro [..]

A structural unit of genetic material consisting of a long molecule of DNA complexed with special proteins in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes

An identical copy of an individual organism, a cell, or a gene, or the totality of all the identical copies made from an individual organism, a cell, or a gene. In genetics, the clone implies identica [..]