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The attenuation of an electromagnetic wave as it passes through a shield. This loss is due primarily to induced currents and the associated resistance loss.

A small covered opening in the earth using concrete, clay pipe or other wall material to provide access to an earth electrode system connection.

Defines the energy in any portion of the current path per ohm resistance. Measured in joules per ohm.

The lightning rod or intended attachment conductor placed on or above a building, structure, tower, for the purpose of intercepting lightning.

Part of the external LPs which is intended to intercept lightning flashes.

The electric field strength of the atmosphere at rest, in clear air and under static-free conditions. Generally thought to be some 150-300v/m at standard temperature and pressure.

A low-voltage, high-current electrical discharge that occurs at the instant two points, through which a large current is flowing, are separated.

Components, devices or circuits used to attenuate, suppress or divert excess electrical (surge and transient) energy to ground. The terms arrester, suppressor and protector are used interchangeably ex [..]