A finding of not guilty by a jury or judge because the jury or judge believed the accused to be innocent of any wrong doing OR they were not convinced “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the accused committed the crime(s) for which he or she was charged.

A voluntary statement reduced to writing and sworn to or affirmed before someone legally authorized to administer an oath or affirmation (notary public).

Asking a higher court to review a decision of a lower (generally, trial) court or administrative agency. The state may not appeal from a verdict of acquittal in a criminal case because to do so would violate the defendant’s constitutional right not to be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.

A defendant’s first appearance before a judge after arrest. The defendant is charged with a specific crime or crimes and is read his or her legal rights. Release on bail or personal promise to return (recognizance) is also decided.

A legal paper requiring the named person to appear in court. Failure to appear usually results in a warrant for the person’s arrest.

An agreement between the victim/survivor, defendant and state by which a criminal case is settled without prosecution. E.g., restitution is made or the defendant agrees not to enter on the victim’s premises again (in the case of a commercial establishment). Must be approved by the court.

Statutes and “case law” that define or interpret individuals’ and organizations’ private rights in their relationships and disputes that involve property, contracts, personal injury, family relationships, tax, or government rules and regulations.

Non-statutory, judge-made law. Appellate court decision that create and explain principles of law.

Money awarded to compensate victim/survivor for actual losses suffered in civil claims, or a fine to the court in criminal cases.

One who asks the court for legal redress by filing a complaint (i.e. the plaintiff in a civil suit). Also, private citizen who initiates prosecution.