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This is any substance which releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. An acid is the opposite of an alkali and has a pH rating lower than 7.0. Most acids react with a base to form a neutral salt and water.

This is the quantitative capacity of a water or water solution to neutralize an alkali or base. It is usually measured by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, and expressed in ppm or mg/L of its calcium carbonate equivalent.

Activated alumina is a filter media made by treating aluminum ore so that it becomes porous and highly adsorptive. Activated alumina will remove a variety of contaminants, including excessive fluoride, arsenic, and selenium.

This is a substance which has a pH greater than seven. It is the opposite of an acid. Highly alkaline waters tend to cause drying of the skin. A hydroxide alkali may also be called a base.

This is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize an acid - how much acid can be added to water without causing a significant change in pH. Water does not have to be strongly basic (high pH) to have high alkalinity. In the water industry, alkalinity is expressed in mg/l of equivalent calcium carbonate.

Anion exchange and cation exchange use the chemical ion exchange process to exchange anions and cations on a "resin" bed for cations and anions of the contaminant that needs to be removed from the water. Anion exchange typically uses chloride or hydroxide anions, and can be used to treat for mercury, nitrates, arsenic, and various stainin [..]

This is a poison which shows up mainly in water supplies drawn from wells. It has been linked to several cancers and has been found to harm nerves, heart, blood vessels, and skin.

These are unicellular microorganisms, some of which are harmful to man. Many different types of bacteria can be found in drinking water.

This is an aluminum silicate which is coated with manganese dioxide. It is used as an oxidizing catalyst filter medium for iron and manganese reduction.