Neuroadaptation refers to changes or ‘adaptations’ that occur in the brain. This can occur for a number of reasons, for example nicotine use. The more nicotine that the brain is exposed to, the more c [..]

The neuronal changes associated with both tolerance and the appearance of a withdrawal syndrome. It is possible for an individual to exhibit neuroadaptation without showing the cognitive or behavioural manifestations of dependence. For example, surgical patients given opiate substances to relieve pain may sometimes experience withdrawal symptoms bu [..]