Reproduction without combining gametes and can result in the production of many plants that are genetically identical.

An annual award for outstanding achievements in either physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics or the promotion of peace.

High-moisture feed for livestock that is made from crops fermented anaerobically (without air) and can be stored over winter.

The liquid layer that remains after a solution is spun in a centrifuge.

A breeding method for introgressing a desirable trait into an elite breeding population. In traditional backcrossing, successive generations of apples with the trait of interest are crossed with the same high-quality parent. In modified backcrossing, a different high-quality parent is used at each generation.

Single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus.

A bacterial vector for cloning DNA. BACs can accommodate longer stretches of DNA than plasmid vectors.

DNA is made up of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) replaces thymine.

The unit of double-stranded DNA. Bases pair up so that A joins with T and C joins with G.

A type of sugar molecule.