Difference in actual willingness to pay and willingness to pay revealed in a survey arising from the choice of a payment instrument for a survey. Vehicles include changes in local taxes, entrance fees [..]

Because survey interviewers suggest the first bid this can influence the respondents answer and cause the respondent to agree too readily with bids in the vicinity of the initial bid .

Maximum amount of money one would give up to buy some good.

Minimum amount of money one would accept to forgo some good or to bear some harm.

Minimum amount of money one would accept to forgo some good or to bear some harm.

The government specifies an overall level of pollution we'll tolerate, then gives each polluter a "permit" for its portion of the total. Firms that keep emissions below their al [..]

Argument that government regulations can effectively take away or reduce the right of individuals or firms to use property to maximize their incomes or utilities.  

Causes survey results to differ from actual willingness to pay because individual have an incentive to not reveal the truth because they can secure a benefit in excess of the costs they have to pay. T [..]

The policy objective that gainers from a policy change (or project) could compensate the losers from the change and still be better off. In particular note that a policy that passes this criterion doe [..]

Charge for the amount of waste or pollution. Examples include the BTU tax that was an early casualty in the President's budget bill. Several European nations have air and water pollution charges; [..]