Separating out of local and through routes and often segregating from pedestrian access, for more efficient flows and safety.

The economic and consequent social divide between richer countries such as the USA and poorer countries such as Bangladesh.

Alternative to road-based transport, especially rail.

Use of technology appropriate to the society and culture it is in

Buildings constructed so as to withstand different degrees of earthquake damage.

Products constructed to degrade and misfunction after only a short time of use, needing replacements.

The living part of earth, from the highest flying insect to the deepest oceanic trench worm

An area previously used for housing, industry or other infrastructure which has been cleared, de-contaminated and redeveloped for a new use. Contrasts with greenfield - land never used for urban functions before.

Cities are large, prominent or important centres of relatively permanent population: lacking self-sufficiency in the production of food, and usually dependent on manufacture and commerce . Larger than a town. The English word 'city' comes from the Latin 'civitas' - a highly organized community. This was often used to describe th [..]

The people, goods and information flows which enter and leave a city, creating a system of inputs and outputs.