The chipping or flaking of concrete, bricks or other masonry when improper drainage or venting and freeze-thaw cycling exist.

Chipping or pitting of concrete, masonry, or stone surfaces. 

Chipping, fragmentation, or separation of a surface or surface coating. Spalling is a common cause of bearing race failure, most commonly when they are subjected to contamination, impact or overloading / overheating.

The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a surface.

The chipping or flaking of concrete, bricks, or other masonry where improper drainage or venting and freeze/thaw cycling exists. See spaul, spauling or spauled concrete

Buckling or flaking off of the surface material.

The chipping or flaking of concrete, bricks, or other masonry where improper drainage or venting and freeze/thaw cycling exists.

The breaking or chipping of a portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement at joints, cracks, or edges, usually resulting in fragments with feather edges.

The lifting or detachment of a coating from the substrate.

The cracking and flaking of particles out of a surface.

the breaking off of the surface of refractory material as a result of internal stresses.

Hairline cracks in boiler refractory caused by changes in furnace temperature.

A natural process of erosion that causes chips or slabs of rock (spalls) to be stripped from the surface. These layers occasionally have rock art images on them.

The separation of a surface layer caused by thermal or mechanical stresses (as in cooling, bending, etc.).

The chipping and upward and outward heaving of rock caused by release of pressure.

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