In a study, confounding occurs when the effect of an intervention on an outcome is distorted because of an association between the population or intervention or outcome and another factor (the 'c [..]

When the differences between the treatment and control groups other than the treatment produce differences in response that are not distinguishable from the effect of the treatment, those differences [..]

is typically accidental and injurious to the illustrating of valid implications- nevertheless, occasionally it is applied deliberately.

(adj) that confounds or contradicts or confuses

Confounding is the distortion of an estimate as a result of the effect of other factors (e.g., variables). This particular measurement issue significantly affects the population health management industry because of the number of variables that affect an outcome.

When an exposure and an outcome are both strongly associated with a third variable.

Confounding is considered a "mixing of effects". When a factor X causes a disease Y, that relationship could be confounded by a factor C that is associated with both factor X and disease Y. [..]

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