confounder Changing factor that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, is not an intermediate variable, and is associated with the factor under investigation.

 A stimulus other than the variable an experimenter explicitly introduces into a research setting that affects a participant's behavior.

An unforeseen, and unaccounted-for variable that jeopardizes reliability and validity of an experiment's outcome.

A Confounding Variable is an extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under inves [..]

A variable that is not of interest, but which distorts the results if the researcher does not control for it in the analysis. For example, if a researcher is interested in the effect of education on p [..]

A variable which is not the one you are interested in but which may affect the results of trial.

A confounding variable is something, other than the treatment being studied, that can affect the measured outcome of a trial . For example, imagine that a medicine to prevent the common cold is tested [..]

Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effe [..]

A variable that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, is not an intermediate variable, and is associated with the factor under investigation. A confounding variable may be due chance or bias. [..]

Any factor in a research study related to the study’s participants or the characteristics of the study’s setting/circumstance that (a) is initially present as a potentially problematic extraneous variable; (b) is not adequately planned for or accommodated by the researcher; and, hence, (c) has the effect of confusing or obfuscating—quite literally, [..]