name. A preexisting name that has been established in accordance with the rules of this code (see new (clade) name).

(hypotheses). A proposition about the relationships among biological entities (e.g., species) in terms of common ancestry.

An established name that is not a (non-conserved) later homonym and thus may potentially be an accepted name.

The name that must be adopted for a taxon under this code.

An entity from which another entity is descended.

A derived character state; a new feature that arose during the course of evolution.

A clade originating from the ancestor in which a particular derived character state (apomorphy) originated; a clade whose name is defined using an apomorphy-based definition.

A definition that associates a name with a clade originating with the first ancestor of specified organisms and/or species (internal specifier taxa) to evolve a particular apomorphy (internal specifie [..]

A node-based definition that incorporates wording from apomorphy-based definitions to include all extant organisms as internal specifiers without explicitly naming them. See Note 9.3.1. Apomorphy-modi [..]

(binomina). A name composed of two words; commonly used to refer to species names composed of a generic name and a specific name (ICZN) or epithet (ICNB, ICBN) under the rank-based codes, or o [..]