Production of a new plant by using a part of a parent plant, as opposed to sexual union; reproduction of a plant by any means other than seed.

Water that moves through soil under the force of gravity.

Flower having all of the floral parts (stamens, pistil, petals, and sepals).

The inhibition of a fruit to drop after a flower is pollinated.

1. Removing salts, ions, or other soluble substances from soil by abundant irrigation combined with drainage. 2. Movement of soluble materials downward with percolating water.

The usually broad, flattened part of a leaf.

A form of intercropping in which specific kinds of plants are reported to mutually benefit from close association in the garden.

A short, thickened underground storage organ formed usually by enlargement of the base of the main plant stem.

The petals of a flower, collectively.

The living material in a cell (protoplasm), excluding the nucleus.