Finsen (2002) identifies three areas of institutionalized citizenship (that is, internal campus service):

Service in this area supports the overall building and maintenance of campus life and is not tied to faculty disciplinary expertise. Examples are student recruitment, alumni relations, and the cultural arts.

is defined as "the applied interdisciplinary pursuit of scholarship in the field of public health. The application of academic public health is accomplished through practice based research, practice-based teaching and practice-based service."

"Community-based participatory research (CBPR) in health is a collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving soc [..]

Clinical work by its very mission is focused on contributing to the overall health of the community at the level of the individual patient. Many clinical departments in academic health centers and health professional schools also provide care to indigent patients and frequently provide charity care. How does community-based clinical practice differ [..]

Scholarship is teaching, discovery, integration, application and engagement that has clear goals, adequate preparation, appropriate methods, significant results, effective presentation, and reflective critique that is rigorous and peer-reviewed. Community-engaged scholarship is scholarship that involves the faculty member in a mutually beneficial p [..]

is the application of institutional resources to address and solve challenges facing communities through collaboration with these communities. These resources include, for example, the knowledge and expertise of students, faculty, and staff; the institution's political position; campus buildings; and land. The methods for community engagement [..]

when used in specific reference to scholarship, describes scholarly work that is done with, and for, members of a group outside of higher education. It may be contrasted with scholarly work that is performed solely for the university, department, disciplines, or professional associations. This is virtually identical to the notion of "outreach& [..]

has five essential elements including (1) the clinical practice of primary medical care, (2) a diagnosis by the practice of the health problems of its community, using epidemiologic methods (along with simple observation and intuition), (3) a means of soliciting and using the concerns, opinions, and observations of members of the community being ca [..]

refers to action taken to meet the needs of others and better the community as a whole. Benjamin Barber writes that community service is an essential component of democratic citizenship. "Service to the neighborhood and to the nation are not the gifts of altruists but a duty of free men and women whose freedom is itself wholly dependent on the [..]