The act by which property developers buy up land but do not build on it immediately, instead waiting for the price of the land to rise and ensuring a higher profit upon sale.

The birth rate minus the death rate of a population.

The squares of a map denoted by a grid formed by a series of numbered horizontal (Northing) and vertical (Easting) lines

An area at the heart of economic activity, where innovation, technology and employment are at a high level.

A settlement that has historically formed around a single central point such as a market square or a river crossing point.

Net loss of ice from a glacier as a result of ablation exceeding accumulation.

 Farming that produces livestock for meat, milk, wool, hide and other animal products.

 Tapering ridges which alternately project into a river valley, around which the river winds its course.

The widening difference in levels of development between the world's richest and poorest people.

A steep, concave curve created on the outside of a meander bend by the erosive effect of fast flowing water.