Electric current that reverses direction many times per second.

Capacity and energy services provided by power plants that are able to respond on short notice, such as hydropower plants, and are used to ensure stable electricity delivery and optimized grid reliability.

The phase changes that occur from pressure changes in a fluid that forms bubbles, resulting in noise or vibration in the water column. The Implosion of these bubbles against a solid surface, such as a hydraulic turbine, may cause erosion, and lead to reductions in capacity and efficiency pressure.

A barrier that regulates water released from a reservoir to the power generation unit.

Electric current which flows in one direction.

A facility that channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock.

A water conduit, which can be straight or curved depending upon the turbine installation, which maintains a column of water from the turbine outlet and the downstream water level.

A percentage obtained by dividing the actual power or energy by the theoretical power or energy. It represents how well the hydropower plant converts the potential energy of water into electrical energy.

A transport structure for safe upstream fish passage around hydropower projects.

Volume of water, expressed as cubic feet or cubic meters per second, passing a point in a given amount of time.