a score given to newborns 1 minute (handling the birthing process) and 5 minutes (adjusting to the new environment) after birth to quickly assess their health. A score between 0 and 2 is given for each of five categories, with a total score between 0 and 10. The categories are: breathing effort, heart rate, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin color. A [..]

the rate of childbirths per 1,000 people in a given year. The total number of births is divided by the total mid-year population (at six months), then multiplied by 1,000 to arrive at the births per 1,000 convention.

a measure calculating weight and height, often used to determine childhood overweight and obesity by comparing individual scores with the distributions for each age and sex group (CDC).

typically examines multiple exposures in relation to a disease; subjects are defined as cases and controls, and exposure histories are compared (Aschengrau & Seage, 2007, p. 137).

based on measurements of children across the country, charts are developed to show the distribution of weight and height (BMI) for each age and sex. A child is considered overweight if he or she has a BMI at or above the 85th

examines relationship between exposure and disease prevalence in a defined population at a single point in time (Aschengrau & Seage, 2007, p. 137).

the number of deaths divided by the total mid-year population, described as a rate per 1,000 people in a given year.

seeks to

limits what one can do physically or mentally, or limits one’s senses; it may be more difficult to accomplish normal daily activities. Disabilities can be congenital or be the result of illness, accidents, or aging (NIH).

examines relationship between exposure and disease with population-level rather than individual-level data (Aschengrau & Seage, 2007, p. 137).